ABSTRACT
The lack of Oxalobacter formigenes colonization of the human gut has been correlated with the formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones and also with the number of recurrent kidney stone episodes. Here, we present the genome sequence of HC-1, a human strain isolated from an individual residing in Iowa, USA.
GENOME ANNOUNCEMENT
An anaerobe, with a substrate-specificity for oxalate, was isolated from human and other animal feces and a new genus and species Oxalobacter formigenes, was established (1). Individuals forming oxalate kidney stones who are Oxalobacter-negative have significantly higher urinary oxalate and stone episodes correlate with the lack of Oxalobacter (2). Colonization of a mouse model of the genetic disease primary hyperoxaluria, type 1 with Oxalobacter resulted in a normalization of both hyperoxaluria and hyperoxalemia exhibited in noncolonized counterparts (3, 4). Since a human strain, HC-1, was tested in some small human clinical trials (5–7), the present study was undertaken to determine the complete genome sequence of the HC-1 strain which was archived in the Hatch laboratory, notated as HC-1MH, since 2011.
A genomic DNA library was prepared following the protocol specified by Pacific Biosciences (Menlo Park, CA). Briefly, genomic DNA was sheared to an average fragment length of 20 kb, using the SAGE ELF (Sage Science, Beverly, MA), end-repaired, and single-molecule real-time (SMRT) bell oligonucleotide adaptors blunt-end ligated to construct a DNA fragment library for sequencing on the Pacific Biosciences RSII platform. A single SMRT cell produced a total of 1.58 Gb in 93,480 polymerase reads having an N50 of 19.7 kb and a subread N50 is 9.9 kb. The HC-1 genome was assembled using HGAP version 3 (8), and annotated using RAST (http://rast.nmpdr.org ) (9–11).
The complete HC-1MH genome contains a single contig of 2,468,871 bp and has an average G+C content of 49.6%. A total of 2,599 genes were annotated by RAST, including 47 tRNAs, 7 ribosomal RNAs, and 2,545 predicted coding sequences (CDSs). RAST annotation assigns 1,062 (42%) of the 2,545 HC-1 CDSs as members of 336 categorized subsystems. Subsystems are defined as a set of functional roles implementing specific biological process or structure (12). In general, subsystems may be considered biological pathways. The most abundant subsystem classifications include 203 genes involved in protein metabolism; 169 involved in metabolism of cofactors, vitamins, prosthetic groups, and pigments; 205 in amino acid and derivative metabolism; and 108 in carbohydrate metabolism. A total of 1,483 CDSs (58%) are not assigned to specific subsystems.
The annotated HC-1MH genome was compared to O. formigenes CC13 (NCBI accession no. NZ_ACDQ00000000) and O. formigenes HOxBLS (accession no. NZ_ACDP00000000). At the protein level, 2,473 of 2,545 (97%) HC-1 CDSs have greater than 99% identity with CDSs identified in CC13. The genome of HC-1MH contains 54 CDSs not present in CC13, the majority of which (42 CDSs) are identified as hypothetical proteins. The remaining 12 CDSs identified in HC-1MH but absent from CC13 largely represent phage-associated proteins, primarily clustered in a ~35 kb region of the HC-1MH genome. Only 260 (10%) HC-1MH CDSs share greater than 90% amino acid identity with HOxBLS CDSs. Compared to HOxBLS, 713 CDSs appear exclusively in the HC-1MH genome, of which 533 are annotated as hypothetical proteins and the remaining 180 CDS annotations include proteins characterized as ABC and other transporters, bacteriophage-related proteins, transcriptional regulators, large subunit ribosomal proteins, and a small cluster of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated proteins.
Accession number(s).This genome sequencing project was deposited in GenBank under accession no. CP018787 . The version described is the first version.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (DK088892 to M.H.).
We declare no conflict of interest.
FOOTNOTES
- Received 26 April 2017.
- Accepted 15 May 2017.
- Published 6 July 2017.
- Copyright © 2017 Hatch et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license .
