ABSTRACT
Akkermansia glycaniphila is a novel Akkermansia species that was isolated from the intestine of the reticulated python and shares the capacity to degrade mucin with the human strain Akkermansia muciniphila MucT. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of strain PytT of 3,074,121 bp. The genomic analysis reveals genes for mucin degradation and aerobic respiration.
GENOME ANNOUNCEMENT
The ability to grow on mucin as a sole carbon and nitrogen source is a distinctive feature of the human isolate Akkermansia muciniphila MucT (1). A. glycaniphila strain PytT is the second Akkermansia species described to be mucolytic in pure culture (2). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, the Akkermansia genus has recently been associated with the intestine or feces from a wide range of mammals and nonmammals, such as birds, fish, and reptiles, such as the Burmese python (3, 4). Here, we describe the complete genome sequence of Akkermansia glycaniphila strain PytT, an anaerobic mucin-degrading specialist isolated from the intestine of the reticulated python (Malayopython reticulatus).
Total DNA of strain PytT was extracted using the MasterPure Gram-positive DNA purification kit (Epicentre). Single-molecule sequencing was performed using a PacBio RSII instrument at the Institute of Biotechnology (University of Helsinki, Finland). Assembly was performed with PacBio SMRT Analysis pipeline version 2.2 and the HGAP protocol (5). Default settings were used, except for the following adaptations: minimum subread length, 500; minimum polymerase read length quality, 0.80; minimum seed read length, 7,000; split target into chunks, 1; alignment candidate per chunk, 24; genome size, 3,000,000; target coverage, 30; overlapper error rate, 0.06; overlapper mini length, 40; and overlapper k-mer, 14. Annotation was carried out with an in-house pipeline consisting of Prodigal version 2.5 for prediction of protein-coding DNA sequences (CDSs) (6), InterProScan 5RC7 for protein annotation (7), tRNAscan-SE version 1.3.1 for prediction of tRNAs (8), and RNAmmer version 1.2 for prediction of rRNAs (9). Additional protein function predictions were derived via BLAST identifications against the UniRef50 (10) and Swiss-Prot (11) databases (download August 2013). Subsequently, the annotation was further enhanced by adding EC numbers via PRIAM version 2013-03-06 (12). Noncoding RNAs were identified using rfam_scan.pl version 1.04 on release 11.0 of the RFAM database (13).
The PytT genome is composed of a single chromosome of 3,074,121 bp, with a G+C content of 57.6%. It contains 2,532 CDSs, all 21 tRNA genes, and three complete rRNA operons. For 72% (1,811) of the coding sequences, a function could be predicted. Analysis of the genome revealed the presence of numerous mucin-degrading enzymes, of which many are predicted to be secreted: 54 glycoside hydrolases, one glycosyl hydrolase, seven sialidases, and three sulfatases. The PytT genome is predicted to encode a cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase, indicating the potential for aerobic respiration. This bacterium might use this in the oxic-anoxic interface of its probable habitat: the intestinal mucin layer, as recently has been experimentally verified for A. muciniphila MucT (14).
The availability of this genome will enhance the understanding of metabolic and physiological properties of members of the genus Akkermansia present in the intestinal tract of Animalia in general.
Accession number(s).The complete genome sequence of Akkermansia glycaniphila strain PytT was deposited at EMBL-EBI under the accession number LT629973 .
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Simone Kools of Burgers’ Zoo Arnhem for providing the initial fecal sample. J.P.O., J.R., and C.B. were funded by the ERC Advance grant 250172—MicrobesInside from the European Research Council awarded to W.M.D.V., whose work was further supported by an unrestricted Spinoza Award and the SIAM Gravity programme (024.002.002) of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO).
FOOTNOTES
- Received 16 August 2016.
- Accepted 1 November 2016.
- Published 5 January 2017.
- Copyright © 2017 Ouwerkerk et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license .
