ABSTRACT
We report here the complete genome sequence of spore-forming Paenibacillus sp. strain VT 400, isolated from the saliva of a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The genome consists of 6,986,122 bp, with a G+C content of 45.8%. It possesses 5,777 predicted protein-coding genes encoding multidrug resistance transporters, virulence factors, and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs.
GENOME ANNOUNCEMENT
The genus Paenibacillus comprises aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, immotile or motile (via peritrichous flagella), endospore-forming bacteria. Species of this genus have been isolated from soil, water, plants, milk, and other media (1–3). Paenibacillus spp. were not known to cause human disease until recent reports showed the possible involvement of P. alvei, P. thiaminolyticus, and P. sputi in human diseases (4–6).
Paenibacillus sp. strain VT 400 was isolated from the saliva of a pediatric patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Complete sequencing of its 16S rRNA gene showed 99% similarity with that of Paenibacillus amylolyticus, a pectinase producer found in the larval hindgut of the fly. To date, P. amylolyticus has not been detected in humans. Biochemical characterization and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry have revealed differences between Paenibacillus sp. strain VT 400 and other P. amylolyticus strains.
Whole-genome sequencing was performed using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencer, according to the manufacturer's instructions (Illumina GA IIx; Illumina, CA). De novo assembly was performed with the SPAdes genome assembler software, version 3.5.0 (7). The assembly resulted in 116 contigs with 125-fold average coverage.
The draft genome of Paenibacillus sp. strain VT 400 consists of 6,986,122 bp, with a G+C content of 45.8%. The genome was annotated using the NCBI Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline (8). It contains 100 tRNA genes, 50 rRNA and two noncoding RNA operons, and 5,777 protein-coding sequences (CDSs). THe analysis revealed genes encoding resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, like tunicamycin and bleomycin (9, 10). Furthermore, genes of multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps (ABC transporter, a member of the multidrug and toxin extrusion [MATE] family of MDR proteins, and an MDR transporter) and genes encoding resistance to antibiotics, including vancomycin (vanH, vanX, vanW, and vanZ), fosmidomycin, tetracycline (tetA, tetB), as well as β-lactamase genes from superfamilies I to III, were identified. The genome contains genes encoding known virulence factors, like hemolysin D and flagellar and sporulation proteins (11).
In comparison with the genome of P. amylolyticus FSL-R5-192 (the phylogenetically closest organism), that of Paenibacillus sp. strain VT 400 is smaller (6,986,122 versus 7,083,071 bp) and contains fewer protein-coding genes (5,777 versus 6,163), although the two genomes have a similar G+C content (45.8%). According to DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) prediction based on genome BLAST distance phylogeny (GBDP), this pair of genomes (Paenibacillus sp. strain VT 400 and P. amylolyticus FSL-R5-192) has a DDH value of 74.40%, as calculated in the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (GGDC) Web server (GGDC 2.0). This value is below the threshold of 79% for genomes belonging to different subspecies (12, 13).
The most variable regions between two strains were found in the coding regions of transcriptional regulators, RNA polymerase, DNA polymerase, DNA topoisomerase III, endonuclease IV, and spore germination-related genes, which had only 24 to 38% similarity; some genes responsible for antibiotic resistance are absent in P. amylolyticus FSL-R5-192.
The complete genome sequence of Paenibacillus sp. strain VT 400 will help determine the role of Paenibacillus species in human diseases and provide insights into the composition of microbial flora in patients with hematological malignancies.
Nucleotide sequence accession numbers.This complete genome sequencing project has been deposited in GenBank under the accession no. LELF00000000. The version described in this paper is the first version, LELF01000000.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the Institute of Human Microbiology, LLC.
We thank Albert Tai for performing sequencing at the Genomics Core Facility of Tufts University. We also thank Nora Toussaint, Karen Bunting, and Andre Corvelo at the New York Genome Center for their assistance with finishing the sequencing project.
FOOTNOTES
- Received 1 July 2015.
- Accepted 6 July 2015.
- Published 13 August 2015.
- Copyright © 2015 Tetz et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.
