ABSTRACT
Bifidobacterium longum 105-A shows high transformation efficiency and allows for the generation of gene knockout mutants through homologous recombination. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of strain 105-A. Genes encoding at least four putative restriction-modification systems were found in this genome, which might contribute to its transformation efficiency.
GENOME ANNOUNCEMENT
Bifidobacteria are naturally found in the human large intestine and are used as probiotic bacteria due to their beneficial effects on human health (1). Bifidobacteria are known for their difficulties with gene manipulation, especially in the generation of gene knockout mutants (2–4). This is mainly caused by the low transformation efficiencies demonstrated by Bifidobacterium strains, in part due to their restriction-modification (R-M) systems (2–6). Among the bifidobacteria, Bifidobacterium longum 105-A (7), isolated from human feces, has shown exceptionally high transformation efficiency (approximately 104 to 106 transformants/μg DNA) with several plasmid DNAs (6–9). Moreover, gene knockout mutants of B. longum 105-A and its derivative strain have been successfully generated using homologous recombination systems (8, 10–12). Thus, strain 105-A has become a representative host strain for functional genomics studies of bifidobacteria. Here, we deciphered the complete genome sequence of B. longum 105-A.
Genomic DNA was isolated from B. longum 105-A as described previously (8) and sequenced through the massively parallel sequencing method using a PacBio RS II (Pacific Biosciences of California, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA) and the Genome Analyzer IIx (GAIIx; Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Approximately 740- and 253-fold sequence coverages were obtained by the PacBio RS II and GAIIx, respectively. Sequence reads from the PacBio RS II and GAIIx were assembled using Celera Assembler version 7.0 and Velvet 0.7.55, respectively. The Celera Assembler generated short contigs and a super contig with a gap region. The gap was covered by a combination of two contigs assembled from the GAIIx data and a short contig assembled from the PacBio RS II data. The junction regions among the contigs were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Error correction of the homopolymer region was performed by mapping the short read data obtained by the GAIIx.
The circular chromosome of B. longum 105-A contains 2,290,145 bp, for which 1,878 open reading frames (ORFs), 56 tRNA genes, 1 transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) gene, and 4 rRNA operons were predicted by g-MiGAP (13). The average G+C content of the genome is 60.06%. The total number of ORFs in the B. longum 105-A genome is higher than that in the representative B. longum strain, NCC2705 (14), which has 1,728 ORFs, 57 tRNA genes, 1 tmRNA gene, and 4 rRNA operons. In addition, local BLASTx analysis using REBASE entries (15) revealed that the B. longum 105-A genome contains genes encoding at least four types of putative R-M systems: a type I system comprising BL105A_1442 (a methyltransferase), BL105A_1441 (a specificity subunit), and BL105A_1439 (an endonuclease); one type II system comprising BL105A_1060 (an endonuclease) and BL105A_1059 (a methyltransferase); another type II system comprising BL105A_0366 (an endonuclease/methyltransferase); and a type IV system comprising BL105A_0073 (an endonuclease). Further functional analysis of the R-M system genes will clarify their contributions to transformation efficiency. The complete genome sequence of B. longum 105-A will largely contribute to postgenomic or functional genomics studies of bifidobacteria.
Nucleotide sequence accession number.The complete genome sequence of B. longum 105-A has been deposited in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank database under accession no. AP014658.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was supported in part by Cooperative Research Grant of the Genome Research for BioResource, NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and by a grant-in-aid for JSPS Fellows (25.2323 to S.M.) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
FOOTNOTES
- Received 5 November 2014.
- Accepted 14 November 2014.
- Published 18 December 2014.
- Copyright © 2014 Kanesaki et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.
