ABSTRACT
We present the complete genome sequence of Azospirillum brasilense Az39, isolated from wheat roots in the central region of Argentina and used as inoculant in extensive and intensive agriculture during the last four decades. The genome consists of 7.39 Mb, distributed in six replicons: one chromosome, three chromids, and two plasmids.
GENOME ANNOUNCEMENT
Azospirillum sp. is one of the best-studied plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria at present. Members of this genus colonize more than 100 plant species and significantly improve their growth and productivity under field conditions (1). One of the main characteristics of Azospirillum sp. proposed to explain plant growth promotion has been related to its ability to produce plant growth regulators as auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, abscisic acid, nitric oxide, and polyamines (2–8). Azospirillum brasilense Az39 was isolated in 1982 from surface-sterilized wheat seedlings in Marcos Juarez, Argentina, and selected for inoculant formulation based on its ability to increase crop yields of maize and wheat under agronomic conditions (9). The potential mechanisms responsible for growth promotion in strain Az39 have been partially unraveled (10–13).
The genome sequence was obtained using a combined whole-genome shotgun and 8-kb paired-end strategy with a 454 GS FLX Titanium pyrosequencer at INDEAR (Argentina), resulting in a 21-fold genome coverage. Sequencing reads were de novo assembled (Newbler v 2.8), resulting in 6 scaffolds (>160 kbp each; N50, 1,908,534 bp). The closure of the gap intra- and interscaffolds was achieved by detailed observation of relevant sequencing reads using the Geneious R7 software platform (14). Optical mapping analysis was performed with an OpGen Argus optical mapper at TGAC (United Kingdom) to validate the final assembly. In agreement with the bioinformatic data, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of total DNA revealed the presence of six replicons in A. brasilense Az39, defined as one chromosome, three chromids, and two plasmids. The presence of six to seven replicons is a common feature of Azospirillum genomes (15–17). Replicon sizes and their G+C contents were 3,064,393 bp (68.4%) for the chromosome; 1,901,707 bp (68.4%), 933,960 bp (68.6%), and 641,573 bp (69.2%) for the chromids (AbAZ39_p1, AbAZ39_p2, and AbAZ39_p4); and 686,487 bp (69.5%) and 163,159 bp (65.6%) for the plasmids (AbAZ39_p3 and AbAZ39_p5).
Genome annotation was done using the NCBI Prokaryotic Genomes Automatic Annotation Pipeline (PGAAP) (18). The complete genome consists of 6,311 protein-coding sequences (2,763 on the chromosome, 1,605 on AbAZ39_p1, 744 on AbAZ39_p2, 534 on AbAZ39_p3, 557 on AbAZ39_p4, and 108 on AbAZ39_p5). Similarly to other species of the Azospirillum genera, Az39 contains multiple ribosomal operons at different replicons (15–17). Eight rRNA operons are complete and one lacks the 5S rRNA subunit. Complete operons are distributed with two in the chromosome, four in AbAZ39_p1, and two in AbAZ39_p4, while the incomplete one is located on the chromid AbAZ39_p2. Eighty-seven tRNA loci (distributed 44 on the chromosome, 42 on the chromids, and 1 on the plasmids) were identified. The putative genes involved in plant growth promotion mechanisms of Az39 were determined by the use of the RAST annotation server (19) and KAAS (20).
The A. brasilense Az39 genome contains genes related to nitrogen fixation; phytohormones and plant growth regulators biosynthesis; biofilms formation and type I, II, and VI secretion systems. The genome sequence of Az39 provides a genomic basis for in-depth comparative genome analyses, to elucidate the specific mechanisms of Azospirillum-plant interactions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científico-Tecnológica from Argentina (CONICET), the Fondo Nacional para la Investigación Científico Tecnológica (FONCyT), the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de la República Argentina (MINCyT) and MINCyT-FWO Cooperation Program, and the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación in the Programme Consolider-Ingenio (CSD2009-0006), including the ERDF (European Regional Development Funds) and the Biotechnology and Biosciences Research Council (BBSRC). D.R. and R.M. are recipients of a doctoral fellowship grant from CONICET, J.G. is a recipient of a doctoral fellowship grant from FOMCyT, and S.S. is a recipient of a postdoctoral fellowship grant from Research Foundation Flanders.
FOOTNOTES
- Received 17 June 2014.
- Accepted 23 June 2014.
- Published 24 July 2014.
- Copyright © 2014 Rivera et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.
